Numbers

Abaixo está a relação dos números cardinais e ordinais em inglês. Compare:

Cardinal	Ordinal
1 One	1o First
2 Two	2o Second
3 Three	3o Third
4 Four	4o Fourth
5 Five	5o Fifth
6 Six	6o Sixth
7 Seven	7o Seventh
8 Eight	8o Eighth
9 Nine	9o Ninth
10 Tem	10o Tenth
11 Eleven	11o Eleventh
12 Twelve	12o Twelfth
13 Thirteen	13o Thirteenth
14 Fourteen	14o Fourteenth
15 Fifteen	15o Fifteenth
16 Sixteen	16o Sixteenth
17 Seventeen	17o Seventeenth
18 Eighteen	18o Eighteenth
19 Nineteen	19o Nineteenth
20 Twenty	20o Twentieth
21 Twenty-one	21o Twenty-first
22 Twenty-two	22o Twenty-second
30 Thirty	30o Thirtieth
40 Forty	40o Fortieth
50 Fifty	50o Fiftieth
60 Sixty	60o Sixtieth
70 Seventy	70o Seventieth
80 Eighty	80o Eightieth
90 Ninety	90o Ninetieth
100 One (A) Hundred	100o One hundredth
101 One Hundred one	101o One hundred-first
200 Two Hundred	200o Two hundredth
300 Three Hundred	300o Three hundredth
1,000 One (A) Thousand	1,000o One thousandth
1,000,000 One Million	1,000,000 One millionth
1,000,000,000 One Billion	1,000,000,000 One billionth

Percebe-se facilmente que os números ordinais são formados com o acréscimo do sufixo th. No entanto, tome cuidado pois alguns números mudam a grafia: twelfth, ninth.

Word order

O inglês é muito mais rígido que o português quando o assunto é a ordem de colocação das palavras na sentença. Por isso, preste muita atenção às seguintes características:

1. Numa sentença afirmativa, em inglês, a ordem natural é sujeito + verbo + complementos. Nas interrogativas os pronomes interrogativos vêm antes dos verbos auxiliares e estes vêm antes do sujeito; nas negativas os verbos auxiliares vão depois dele:

What do you like?

Do you like pizza?

I like pizza.

I don’t like pizza.

2. As posições para os advérbios são: I. antes do verbo. II. No final da frase. III. No começo da frase. Isso sempre vai depender de suas características:

It often snows at Christmas in Russia.

Authorized personnel only.

Sometimes I think I’m crazy.

3. Os adjetivos, salvo raras exceções, precedem os substantivos a que se referem:

That yellow ball is ours.

Have you seen my lovely cat?

4. No inglês informal e em certas estruturas, as preposições vêm no final da frase:

Who were you talking to?

She’s just been operated on.

5. Quando houver phrasal verbs, os pronomes objetos devem vir entre o verbo e a preposição. Com os substantivos duas posições são possíveis:

Turn down the radio. ou Turn the radio down.

Turn it down.

6. Objetos diretos e indiretos vão após o verbo. Quando o verbo puder ser seguido pelos dois (give, send, por exemplo) duas ordens de colocação são possíveis:

I love my car!

He’ll never approve of our relationship.

Give that book to me! Ou Give me that book.

7. Às vezes colocamos o verbo antes do sujeito em frases que não são interrogativas para dar ênfase, ou em poesia:

Here comes the sun...

Observações (Direct and Indirect Speech)

1. O verbo say é usado tanto no discurso direto quanto no indireto e pede a preposição to quando acompanha o objeto indireto. O verbo tell é usado apenas no discurso indireto, sem preposição.

2. A conjunção that é opcional.

Outras mudanças
Discurso Direto	Discurso Indireto
Here	There
Now	Then
Today	That day
Tomorrow	The next day (the following day)
Yesterday	The day before (the previous day)
Last week	The week before
Ago	Before
This/these	That/those

3. As perguntas indiretas têm estrutura afirmativa aparecendo com verbos como ask, know, wonder, tell, want to know:

The boss wants to know where the files are.

Could you tell me where I can take a taxi?

Mom’s asking if you’ve got a pencil.

Direct and Indirect Speech

No discurso direto, nós temos as palavras exatamente como são ditas pela pessoa que fala e geralmente indicadas entre aspas ou travessão. No discurso indireto, quando relatamos as palavras ditas por alguém, mantemos o mesmo significado, mas com uma forma diferente. Say e tell são os verbos usados nesse tipo de estrutura. Veja nas tabelas a seguir as principais mudanças a serem feitas para converter o discurso direto em indireto:

Mudança nos tempos verbais
Discurso direto	Discurso Indireto
Simple Present	Simple Past
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Simple Past	Past Perfect
Present Perfect	Past Perfect
Simple Future	Simple Conditional
Simple Conditional	Conditional Perfect
May	Might
Can	Could
Past Continuous	Past Continuous
Past Perfect	Past Perfect
Could	Could
Might	Might
Should	Should
Ought	Ought

Exemplos:

Ringo said, “I study hard to pass my exams”.

Ringo said he studied hard to pass his exams.

Anthony said “I am going downtown now”.

Anthony said he was going downtown then.

Emilia said “I didn’t buy that dog!”

Emilia said she hadn’t bought that dog.

I said “I have lived here for ages”.

I said I had lived there for ages.

The boys said to his friends “we’ll win the match!”

The boys told his friends that they would win the match.

I said to my girlfriend “love can tear us apart”.

I told my girlfriend that love could tear us apart.

Observações (Passive Voice)

1. Verbos com dois objetos podem ter duas construções na passiva:

They asked me many questions.

A) I was asked many questions.
B) Many questions were asked to me.

2. Em português não se faz voz passiva com verbos transitivos indiretos. Em inglês, porém, isso é bastante comum:

Someone is shooting at him.  He’s been shot at.
The manager called off the meeting.  The meeting was called off.

3. Muitas frases em inglês começam com sujeito indeterminado (Dizem que...; espera-se que...; acredita-se que...) especialmente com verbos como say, think, know, expect, believe, report, hope, presume, prove, understand, consider, etc. Quando isso acontecer, teremos duas formas na passiva:

(Voz ativa) They believe that the old castle is haunted.
(Voz passiva) 1. It is believed that the old castle is haunted.
2. The old castle is believed to be haunted.

No primeiro caso o pronome It será o sujeito da passiva.
No segundo caso o sujeito da oração subordinada será o sujeito da voz passiva. O verbo da oração subordinada passa para o infinitivo com “to” ou para o infinitivo perfeito (to have + past. part.). O infinitivo perfeito é usado quando o tempo do verbo da oração subordinada for anterior ao tempo do verbo da oração principal:

People say that he had too many enemies.
He is said to have had too many enemies.

Passive Voice

Usamos a voz passiva em inglês quando destacamos a ação do verbo em si, o objeto que recebe a ação. A pessoa que praticou a ação – o agente – fica em segundo plano e freqüentemente não é mencionado. Prefere-se a voz passiva, por exemplo, na linguagem impessoal, quando não interessa o agente ou ele é indefinido, ou desconhecido, ou óbvio. A voz passiva é formada em inglês com o auxiliar to be + past. participle do verbo principal. Veja a tabela abaixo:

Tempo verbal	Voz ativa	Voz passiva
Simple present	Take/takes	Is/are taken
Simple past	Took	Was/were taken
Present Continuous	Am/is/are taking	Am/is/are being taken
Past continuous	Was/were taking	Was/were being taken
Simple Future	Will take	Will be taken
Simple conditional	Would take	Would be taken
Present perfect	Have/has taken	Have/has been taken
Past perfect	Had taken	Had been taken
Modal auxiliary	Can/could/must/etc...	Modal+be+past.part.

Exemplos:

Voz ativa	Voz passiva
My father is a builder. He builds the house.	The house is built (by my father).
My father built the house.	The house was built.
My father is building the house.	The house is being built.
My father was building the house.	The house was being built.
My father will build the house.	The house will be built.
My father would build the house.	The house would be built.
My father has built the house.	The house has been built.
My father had built the house.	The house had been built.
My father could build the house.	The house could be built.

Compare estes outros exemplos:

Somebody cleans this room everyday.
This room is cleaned everyday.

Martin washed his car yesterday.
His car was washed yesterday.

The maid will do the dishes later.
The dishes will be done later.

The room looks nice. Somebody has put it away.
It has been put away.

The room looked nice. Somebody had put it away.
It had been put away.

She is making a cornmeal cake now.
The cornmeal cake is being made now.

She was making the cornmeal cake when I arrived.
The cornmeal cake was being made when I arrived.

Observações (Prepositions)

1. Assim como em português, em inglês também temos regência verbal. Assim, preste atenção aos seguintes verbos e às preposições regidas por eles:

Accuse of
Aim at
Apologise to somebody for
Apply for (a job)
Approve of
Ask for
Believe in
Blame somebody/something for
Break into
Bump into
Care about
Care for
Collide with
Concentrate on
Congratulate someone on/ compliment someone on
Consist of
Crash into
Cut into
Depend on
Die of
Divide into
Drive into
Explain/Describe something to somebody
Fill with
Glance at
Happen to
Have a discussion about
Have a look at
Insist on
Invite someone to (a party)
Laugh at
Leave a place for another place
Listen to
Live on
Look at
Look for
Pay for
Prefer one thing/person to another
Protect somebody/something from (ou against)
Provide with
Read about
Rely on
Run into
Search for
Smile at
Speak to somebody
Specialise in
Spend money on
Split into
Stare at
Succeed in
Suffer from
Supply with
Suspect of
Take care of
Talk about
Talk to somebody
Tell somebody about
Thank somebody for –forgive somebody for
Translate (a book) from one language into another
Wait for
Write (a letter) to

2. Alguns verbos têm regência com mais de uma preposição, porém com mudança de significado:

Hear about (ouvir sobre)
Hear of (saber que algo ou alguém existe)
Remind somebody about (dizer para alguém não se esquecer)
Remind somebody of (fazer alguém se lembrar de algo)
Shout at somebody (quando se está nervoso)
Shout to (para que nos ouçam)
Throw at somebody/something (para acertá-los)
Throw something to somebody (para que alguém pegue)

3. Atenção também à regência de alguns substantivos e adjetivos:

A cause of
A increase/decrease/rise/fall in
A need for
A photograph/ picture/map/plan/drawing of
A reason for
An advantage/disadvantage of
Angry/annoyed/furious about something
Angry/annoyed/furious with somebody for doing something
Damage to
Delighted/pleased/satisfied/disappointed with something
Excited/worried/upset/nervous/happy about something
Fed up/ bored with
Invitation to
Nice/kind/good/generous/polite/cruel of (somebody doing something)
Nice/kind/good/generous/polite/cruel to somebody
Relationship/contact/connection with
Solution/answer/key/reply/reaction to
Sorry about something
Sorry for doing something
Surprised/shocked/amazed/astonished at/by something