sexta-feira, 30 de março de 2007

Six thick thistle sticks

Six thick thistle sticks. Six thick thistles stick.

Vocabulário
thick = grosso
thistle = cardo

butter II

So she bought a bit of butter,
better than her bitter butter,
and she baked it in her batter,
and the batter was not bitter.
So 'twas better Betty Botter
bought a bit of better butter.

Vocabulário
bought = compra
butter = manteiga
baked = cozido

Butter I

Este é de New York

Betty Botter had some butter,
"But," she said, "this butter's bitter.
If I bake this bitter butter,
it would make my batter bitter.
But a bit of better butter,
that would make my batter better."

Vocabulário
butter = manteiga
bitter = Amargo
bake = Assar
make = Fazer
bit = um pouco

Lorry

Red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry.

Vocabulário
lorry = caminhão

A skunk

A skunk sat on a stump and thunk the stump stunk,
but the stump thunk the skunk stunk.

Vocabulário
skunk = jaritataca
sat = sentou
stump = toco
stunk = fedor

A box of biscuits

A box of biscuits, a batch of mixed biscuits.

Vocabulário
Box = Caixa
batch = fornada
mixed = misturado

Tongue Twister

Além de muito engraçado, são ótimos para aprendermos e treinarmos. Vou postar vários deles aqui!
Tentem ler em voz alta esse ai!

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
Did Peter Piper pick a peck of pickled peppers?
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?

Vocabulário
picked = Escolheu
peck = Pedaço, Bicada
pickled = Conservado, em conserva
peppers = Pimenta

quinta-feira, 29 de março de 2007

Weights and measures

É muito comum, principalmente nos Estados Unidos, o uso do sistema imperial de pesos e medidas que difere consideravelmente do sistema métrico decimal. Assim, caso você precise fazer alguma conversão, abaixo seguem as principais medidas:

1 inch (polegada) = 2.54cm

1 yard (jarda) = 0.9144m

1 mile (milha) = 1.609km

1 foot (pé) = ± 30cm

1 ounce (onça) = 28.35g

C° « F° = Tc/5=Tf-32/9

1 pound (libra) = 0.4536kg

1 pint ( - ) = 0.5683 dcm3

1 gallon (galão) = 4.546 (BrE)/ 3.785 (AmE) dcm3

Numbers

Abaixo está a relação dos números cardinais e ordinais em inglês. Compare:

Cardinal

Ordinal

1 One

1o First

2 Two

2o Second

3 Three

3o Third

4 Four

4o Fourth

5 Five

5o Fifth

6 Six

6o Sixth

7 Seven

7o Seventh

8 Eight

8o Eighth

9 Nine

9o Ninth

10 Tem

10o Tenth

11 Eleven

11o Eleventh

12 Twelve

12o Twelfth

13 Thirteen

13o Thirteenth

14 Fourteen

14o Fourteenth

15 Fifteen

15o Fifteenth

16 Sixteen

16o Sixteenth

17 Seventeen

17o Seventeenth

18 Eighteen

18o Eighteenth

19 Nineteen

19o Nineteenth

20 Twenty

20o Twentieth

21 Twenty-one

21o Twenty-first

22 Twenty-two

22o Twenty-second

30 Thirty

30o Thirtieth

40 Forty

40o Fortieth

50 Fifty

50o Fiftieth

60 Sixty

60o Sixtieth

70 Seventy

70o Seventieth

80 Eighty

80o Eightieth

90 Ninety

90o Ninetieth

100 One (A) Hundred

100o One hundredth

101 One Hundred one

101o One hundred-first

200 Two Hundred

200o Two hundredth

300 Three Hundred

300o Three hundredth

1,000 One (A) Thousand

1,000o One thousandth

1,000,000 One Million

1,000,000 One millionth

1,000,000,000 One Billion

1,000,000,000 One billionth

Percebe-se facilmente que os números ordinais são formados com o acréscimo do sufixo th. No entanto, tome cuidado pois alguns números mudam a grafia: twelfth, ninth.


Word order

O inglês é muito mais rígido que o português quando o assunto é a ordem de colocação das palavras na sentença. Por isso, preste muita atenção às seguintes características:

1. Numa sentença afirmativa, em inglês, a ordem natural é sujeito + verbo + complementos. Nas interrogativas os pronomes interrogativos vêm antes dos verbos auxiliares e estes vêm antes do sujeito; nas negativas os verbos auxiliares vão depois dele:

What do you like?

Do you like pizza?

I like pizza.

I don’t like pizza.

2. As posições para os advérbios são: I. antes do verbo. II. No final da frase. III. No começo da frase. Isso sempre vai depender de suas características:

It often snows at Christmas in Russia.

Authorized personnel only.

Sometimes I think I’m crazy.

3. Os adjetivos, salvo raras exceções, precedem os substantivos a que se referem:

That yellow ball is ours.

Have you seen my lovely cat?

4. No inglês informal e em certas estruturas, as preposições vêm no final da frase:

Who were you talking to?

She’s just been operated on.

5. Quando houver phrasal verbs, os pronomes objetos devem vir entre o verbo e a preposição. Com os substantivos duas posições são possíveis:

Turn down the radio. ou Turn the radio down.

Turn it down.

6. Objetos diretos e indiretos vão após o verbo. Quando o verbo puder ser seguido pelos dois (give, send, por exemplo) duas ordens de colocação são possíveis:

I love my car!

He’ll never approve of our relationship.

Give that book to me! Ou Give me that book.

7. Às vezes colocamos o verbo antes do sujeito em frases que não são interrogativas para dar ênfase, ou em poesia:

Here comes the sun...

Observações (Direct and Indirect Speech)

1. O verbo say é usado tanto no discurso direto quanto no indireto e pede a preposição to quando acompanha o objeto indireto. O verbo tell é usado apenas no discurso indireto, sem preposição.

2. A conjunção that é opcional.

Outras mudanças

Discurso Direto

Discurso Indireto

Here

There

Now

Then

Today

That day

Tomorrow

The next day (the following day)

Yesterday

The day before (the previous day)

Last week

The week before

Ago

Before

This/these

That/those

3. As perguntas indiretas têm estrutura afirmativa aparecendo com verbos como ask, know, wonder, tell, want to know:

The boss wants to know where the files are.

Could you tell me where I can take a taxi?

Mom’s asking if you’ve got a pencil.

Direct and Indirect Speech

No discurso direto, nós temos as palavras exatamente como são ditas pela pessoa que fala e geralmente indicadas entre aspas ou travessão. No discurso indireto, quando relatamos as palavras ditas por alguém, mantemos o mesmo significado, mas com uma forma diferente. Say e tell são os verbos usados nesse tipo de estrutura. Veja nas tabelas a seguir as principais mudanças a serem feitas para converter o discurso direto em indireto:

Mudança nos tempos verbais

Discurso direto

Discurso Indireto

Simple Present

Simple Past

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Simple Past

Past Perfect

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Simple Future

Simple Conditional

Simple Conditional

Conditional Perfect

May

Might

Can

Could

Past Continuous

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect

Could

Could

Might

Might

Should

Should

Ought

Ought

Exemplos:

Ringo said, “I study hard to pass my exams”.

Ringo said he studied hard to pass his exams.

Anthony said “I am going downtown now”.

Anthony said he was going downtown then.

Emilia said “I didn’t buy that dog!”

Emilia said she hadn’t bought that dog.

I said “I have lived here for ages”.

I said I had lived there for ages.

The boys said to his friends “we’ll win the match!”

The boys told his friends that they would win the match.

I said to my girlfriend “love can tear us apart”.

I told my girlfriend that love could tear us apart.

Observações (Passive Voice)

1. Verbos com dois objetos podem ter duas construções na passiva:

They asked me many questions.

A) I was asked many questions.
B) Many questions were asked to me.

2. Em português não se faz voz passiva com verbos transitivos indiretos. Em inglês, porém, isso é bastante comum:

Someone is shooting at him.  He’s been shot at.
The manager called off the meeting.  The meeting was called off.

3. Muitas frases em inglês começam com sujeito indeterminado (Dizem que...; espera-se que...; acredita-se que...) especialmente com verbos como say, think, know, expect, believe, report, hope, presume, prove, understand, consider, etc. Quando isso acontecer, teremos duas formas na passiva:

(Voz ativa) They believe that the old castle is haunted.
(Voz passiva) 1. It is believed that the old castle is haunted.
2. The old castle is believed to be haunted.

No primeiro caso o pronome It será o sujeito da passiva.
No segundo caso o sujeito da oração subordinada será o sujeito da voz passiva. O verbo da oração subordinada passa para o infinitivo com “to” ou para o infinitivo perfeito (to have + past. part.). O infinitivo perfeito é usado quando o tempo do verbo da oração subordinada for anterior ao tempo do verbo da oração principal:

People say that he had too many enemies.
He is said to have had too many enemies.

Passive Voice

Usamos a voz passiva em inglês quando destacamos a ação do verbo em si, o objeto que recebe a ação. A pessoa que praticou a ação – o agente – fica em segundo plano e freqüentemente não é mencionado. Prefere-se a voz passiva, por exemplo, na linguagem impessoal, quando não interessa o agente ou ele é indefinido, ou desconhecido, ou óbvio. A voz passiva é formada em inglês com o auxiliar to be + past. participle do verbo principal. Veja a tabela abaixo:

Tempo verbal

Voz ativa

Voz passiva

Simple present

Take/takes

Is/are taken

Simple past

Took

Was/were taken

Present Continuous

Am/is/are taking

Am/is/are being taken

Past continuous

Was/were taking

Was/were being taken

Simple Future

Will take

Will be taken

Simple conditional

Would take

Would be taken

Present perfect

Have/has taken

Have/has been taken

Past perfect

Had taken

Had been taken

Modal auxiliary

Can/could/must/etc...

Modal+be+past.part.

Exemplos:

Voz ativa

Voz passiva

My father is a builder. He builds the house.

The house is built (by my father).

My father built the house.

The house was built.

My father is building the house.

The house is being built.

My father was building the house.

The house was being built.

My father will build the house.

The house will be built.

My father would build the house.

The house would be built.

My father has built the house.

The house has been built.

My father had built the house.

The house had been built.

My father could build the house.

The house could be built.


Compare estes outros exemplos:

Somebody cleans this room everyday.
This room is cleaned everyday.

Martin washed his car yesterday.
His car was washed yesterday.

The maid will do the dishes later.
The dishes will be done later.

The room looks nice. Somebody has put it away.
It has been put away.

The room looked nice. Somebody had put it away.
It had been put away.

She is making a cornmeal cake now.
The cornmeal cake is being made now.

She was making the cornmeal cake when I arrived.
The cornmeal cake was being made when I arrived.

Observações (Prepositions)

1. Assim como em português, em inglês também temos regência verbal. Assim, preste atenção aos seguintes verbos e às preposições regidas por eles:

Accuse of
Aim at
Apologise to somebody for
Apply for (a job)
Approve of
Ask for
Believe in
Blame somebody/something for
Break into
Bump into
Care about
Care for
Collide with
Concentrate on
Congratulate someone on/ compliment someone on
Consist of
Crash into
Cut into
Depend on
Die of
Divide into
Drive into
Explain/Describe something to somebody
Fill with
Glance at
Happen to
Have a discussion about
Have a look at
Insist on
Invite someone to (a party)
Laugh at
Leave a place for another place
Listen to
Live on
Look at
Look for
Pay for
Prefer one thing/person to another
Protect somebody/something from (ou against)
Provide with
Read about
Rely on
Run into
Search for
Smile at
Speak to somebody
Specialise in
Spend money on
Split into
Stare at
Succeed in
Suffer from
Supply with
Suspect of
Take care of
Talk about
Talk to somebody
Tell somebody about
Thank somebody for –forgive somebody for
Translate (a book) from one language into another
Wait for
Write (a letter) to

2. Alguns verbos têm regência com mais de uma preposição, porém com mudança de significado:

Hear about (ouvir sobre)
Hear of (saber que algo ou alguém existe)
Remind somebody about (dizer para alguém não se esquecer)
Remind somebody of (fazer alguém se lembrar de algo)
Shout at somebody (quando se está nervoso)
Shout to (para que nos ouçam)
Throw at somebody/something (para acertá-los)
Throw something to somebody (para que alguém pegue)

3. Atenção também à regência de alguns substantivos e adjetivos:

A cause of
A increase/decrease/rise/fall in
A need for
A photograph/ picture/map/plan/drawing of
A reason for
An advantage/disadvantage of
Angry/annoyed/furious about something
Angry/annoyed/furious with somebody for doing something
Damage to
Delighted/pleased/satisfied/disappointed with something
Excited/worried/upset/nervous/happy about something
Fed up/ bored with
Invitation to
Nice/kind/good/generous/polite/cruel of (somebody doing something)
Nice/kind/good/generous/polite/cruel to somebody
Relationship/contact/connection with
Solution/answer/key/reply/reaction to
Sorry about something
Sorry for doing something
Surprised/shocked/amazed/astonished at/by something

Conjunçoes Subordinativas

Temporais ...